Life vs Death: Euthanasia

The word euthanasia is of Greek origin, which literally translates to mean â€Å"happy or good death. † However, since the beginning of the 19th century, euthanasia has become associated with speeding up the process of dying or the destruction of so-called useless lives. No longer true to its literal meaning, it is now a practice of deliberating causing or assisting in someone†s death. Because it constitutes murder and is immoral, euthanasia should not be legalized in the United States. Almost everyone who attempts suicide or asks for assistance in their death do so as a subconscious cry for help (What†s Wrong With Making Assisting Suicide Legal? ). These people want to hear they are loved, not that someone is actually willing to assist in their death (Johansen). Many of these people have emotional and psychological pressures, which can cause them to choose euthanasia as a way to solve problems. Many are either depressed or dependent and are incapable of making well-informed decisions in that state of mind (Euthanasia:Answers to Frequently Asked Questions). The main concern for those who ask for euthanasia practice should be to give them emotional and spiritual support for their problems (Euthanasia : Answers To †¦ ). Tis type of counseling and assistance has proven to be successful. A study done on 886 people who had attempted suicide and been helped showed that only 3. 84 percent had gone on to kill themselves 5 years later. Another study showed that after 36 years, only 10. 9 percent had killed themselves (What†s Wrong With†¦ ). If euthanasia became legalized, it would be administered for those who are mentally unable to choose what is best, when they could instead be helped. Many who are in favor of euthanasia may say that a request to be killed is only justified when a doctor thinks a patient does not have a â€Å"worthwhile life† (Gormally). However, no one can judge the worth of a person†s life. â€Å"As a society, we are coming to understand that mere preservation of the flesh is not the highest value†. Many times it is the family of a patient who determines whether or not they live a worthwhile life depending on if they can participate in â€Å"normal† human relationships (Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints 103, 117). Those who support euthanasia strongly believe everyone should have control over their own life and death and many who give â€Å"requests for euthanasia may indicate†¦ they are positively asserting their desire to control events† (The Case For†¦ ). However, the religious aspects to this issue support a different view. Religions such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam hold life as sacred and believe it is a gift from God (â€Å"Euthanasia† Funk&Wagnalls). If the gift of life is from God, then only God can decide when that life should end, not someone else assisting in a death. Euthanasia is also considered immoral by these religions because the 10 commandments prohibit murder, which is essentially what euthanasia has become (â€Å"Euthanasia† Britannica). When many are suffering from a disease, they would rather die a dignified death than suffer tragically from the disease (The Case For Voluntary Euthanasia). Euthanasia activists claim euthanasia is â€Å"death with dignity†, even though the methods in which the deaths are carried out are anything but dignified. This can be supported by the euthanasia cases of Dr. Kevorkian, the â€Å"Doctor of Death† (Johansen). Dr. Kevorkian has used carbon monoxide to gas people to death, and has also had bodies dumped in empty vehicles in parking lots ( Euthanasia : Answers To†¦ ). Another example of how euthanasia killings are not dignified can be shown by the first televisioned mercy killing, which aired in March 1995 in Great Britain that caused the spark for the euthanasia controversy. The man who allowed cameras to be present at his death was a 63 year old patient of Motor Neurone Disease. Over 13 million people watched as he received a lethal injection by his doctor (Pratt). When these killings can be displayed for the public to see, they can not be considered dignified, especially by the means in which these deaths occur. If Euthanasia practices become legal, it would only legitimize these degrading practices. â€Å"Most elderly don†t fear death as much as they fear the pain and suffering†¦ † that may come along with it (Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints 136). Because of this, some justify the euthanasia practice as a way to alleviate uncontrollable or intolerable pain that is placed on a patient. Even so, deaths by euthanasia are not always painless. Even a passive act of euthanasia such as the withdrawal of life support, food and water, can cause a slow and painful death (Euthanasia : Opposing Viewpoints 39). Death is also not the only solution for pain control. In fact, pain control has been perfected in the science fields, so that most pain can be eliminated completely or greatly reduced. Even though doctors are supposed to help control pain, many have never had a course in pain management and don†t know what to do (Euthanasia : Answers To†¦ ). Better education should be provided to health care professionals in order to help heal a patient, not harm them, or even kill them. Though euthanasia is illegal in most countries, where it is widely practiced, such as in the Netherlands, it has sometimes become involuntary on the side of the patient. Euthanasia is held accountable for 15 percent of deaths in the Netherlands, where patients actually fear being checked into hospitals (Johansen). Many times involuntary euthanasia occurs because the patient is incompetent to make decisions. Even though the patient may have written in advance a living will, a will in the United States that allows a person to make decisions on the type of treatments they would want if they were ill, a proxy can override these decisions. A proxy is usually a relative or friend of the patient that can make decisions for them if they are incapable of communicating on their own. This person could then cause the death of a patient, even if it is a passive act of euthanasia which is not doing something that is necessary to keep a person alive (Pratt). If euthanasia were practiced legally in the United States, it would become involuntary to the patient and possibly cause a larger percentage of deaths than it already does, as it has in the Netherlands where it is commonly practiced. It is also said that euthanasia would be for those dying from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering (â€Å"Euthanasia† Funk&Wagnalls). However, there is no real definition for an incurable or terminal disease, especially since modern medicine has lengthened life spans. Some say a terminal disease is a disease that can cause a death within 6 months, while some who are claimed to be terminally ill may not die for several years (Euthanasia : Answers To†¦ ). In 1976, the New Jersey Supreme Court gave permission to the parents of comatose Karen Ann Quinlan to remove her from the respirator that was keeping her alive. Even though she was expected to die immediately, she began to breathe on her own and lived another 9 years (Euthanasia : Opposing Viewpoints). Because of cases such as this that show fault in the definition for terminally ill, euthanasia activists change the term terminally ill to hopelessly ill or desperately ill. The definition used for hopeless condition includes those with physical or psychological pain, physical or mental deterioration, or a quality of life unacceptable to the patient (Euthanasia : Answers To†¦ ). With such broad definitions for the term, hopelessly ill could include mostly everyone. The legalization of euthanasia would entirely contradict the medical practices that were established in the Hippocratic Oath, an oath over 2500 years old. Medical students, upon completion of medical school, must vow : I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgement, but never with a view to injury and wrongdoing. Neither will I administer poison to anybody and when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course (Euthanasia Opposing Viewpoints 97). Even though neither the laws nor medical ethics say everything should be done to keep a person alive, the oath forces medical professionals to make a promise to help the sick (Maier). Doctors should be highly enough educated in order to make the best decision for each individual patient. Even if a person requests assistance in their death, it does not give the doctor enough reason to say euthanasia would be the best choice for that patient (Gormally). â€Å"Poisons†, as stated in the Hippocratic Oath, are not to be administered even though many mercy killings now are committed with â€Å"double effect. These are high doses of medicine that may kill a person faster (The Case for†¦ ). A high dose of a medicine is as much of a â€Å"poison† to a body as carbon monoxide, another means of carrying out the death, is. If euthanasia became accepted in the medical professions, it would be an immoral practice that would contradict its origins. For those who are pro-euthanasia, the laws pertaining to euthanasia are considered to be government mandated suffering. The other side to this argument is that these laws are not intended to make anyone suffer, but are instead created to prevent abuse and protect patients from bad doctors (Euthanasia :Answers To†¦ ). There is no actual provision in the legal systems for euthanasia. It is either considered murder or suicide in the United States (â€Å"Euthanasia† Brittanica). It can be a tough situation because on one hand doctors who force treatment against wishes can be charged with assault (Pratt), while if nothing is done to prolong life or if life-support is withdrawn, criminal charges can be also be brought on (â€Å"Euthanasia† Britannica). In the Netherlands, doctors can assist in a euthanasia death even though it is illegal without the possibility of prosecution and there, euthanasia has become out of hand (Pratt). With the legalization of euthanasia in the U. S. , laws and policies would be changed so that rights that would be given to others in order to intentionally cause the end of a life (Euthanasia :Answers To†¦ ). It would become an uncontrollable practice. Instead of legalization, laws on euthanasia should become stricter. Euthanasia has become a problem in the United States that would only become worse if it were legalized. Legalization of euthanasia can not be justified when there is no real determination for the definitions of many terms that play a major role in the euthanasia issue. The practice of euthanasia also carries out undignified deaths that are immoral. It has no benefit to the medical society and contradicts all medical ethics. Assisted suicide has also become involuntary, unsuccessful, and uncontrollable in other countries. For these many reasons, euthanasia should not become legal in the United States.

Marvel Holdings

To determine Whether or not it will be difficult for Marvel or other companies in the MacAndrews and Forbes holding company to issued debt in the future, we should analyze two perspectives, one is historical and the other one is the future perspective. Historically, Marvel Holdings issued zero-coupon senior secured notes which were all secured by Marvel’s equity rather than its assets or operating cash flows. However, this was a very attractive offer since the stock price was trading above $25 per share which had a value of $1.9 billion, well above the face value of the bonds issued. The interest payments on these bonds would be made from revenues received through tax sharing agreements between Marvel and Marcel III Holdings; moreover, all issues were scheduled to mature in April 1998, which in other words, the company would have a huge cash outflow when the bonds came to maturity. After the issurance of debt, company’s revenue decrease due to the comic book and trading card business failure, which caused share price to fall significantly. Despite the problems of revenue fallen, Marvel acquired SkyBx and financed the acquisition with $190 million of additional debt in early 1995. S&P then downgraded the holding companies debts from B to B-. The fianancing structure and the revenue fallen problems lead to Marvel announced that it would violate specific bank loan covenants due to decreasing revenue and profits. Moody downgraded Marvel’s public debt after the announcement and caused the price of the zero-coupon bonds to fall drastically by more than 41%. Moreover, their two largest institutional holders desided to sell the bonds even at a price of $0.37 per dollar of face value. When the resturcture plan was announced, the stock price fell by more than 41% and the zero-coupon bonds fell by addition 50%, to $0.18. As shown on the Balance Sheet, there was a $625.8 millions of current portion of long-term debt in 1996 which was increased significantly compare to previous years. Moreover, the short-term borrowing has also appeared on liability in the year of 1996. Total long-term debt and total liabilities also increased drastically in 1995 and more significantly in 1996. From the Consolidated statement of operations, the cost of sales increased since 1995. Moreover, the amortization of goodwill increased which is due to the decrease in revenue of trading cards and comic books. Interest expense also increased due to significant increase in debt. All these caused a loss in income and earning per share becomes negative at the end of 1995. Based on all the above historical evidences, it will be really difficult due to the fact that the company has a debt-to-total capital ratio of 88% which is $805.4 million in total debt and $107.4 million in equity. With the downgrade of the public debts, it will make the financing situation even worse since the issueing notes or bonds will not raise as much financing as when the rating is good and will be more costly since the interest rate has to increase due to the increase in risk. In the future perspective, a restructure plan was mentioned by Perelman. However, Marvel was facing three options: 1. if marvel was going under chapter 7 liquidation, the debtholders would get around 70% of the original value and the holding company debtholders and equityholders would get nothing. 2. If Marvel did not aquire Toy Biz, the total enterprise value would between be no more than $660 which was not enough to settle the debt, and the equity would again be worthless. 3. If Marvel acquired Toy Biz, the company could transform into an integrated entertainment company which would operate theme restaurants, movie studio, entertainment software, and etc. Marvel believed with the growth of new media exposure, they would be able to have modest growth and pay secured and unsecured creditors in full. This plan had passed the feasibility test, which in other words, the company was not likely to be liquidized or reorganized. let’s assume Marvel implement the restrurture plan and make modest growth of profit. As they slowly payoff the debts, start earning profit and rebuild their reputation, It will become easier to raise debt. Moreover, if their performance is good, it might be even possible to increase their rating which will lower the cost due to the decrease in default risk.

A monopoly from start to finish Essay Example for Free

A monopoly from start to finish Essay ? During out studies this term we have learned a lot about a Monopolistic way a company is able to maneuver in the business market and I would like to refresh your mind by offering a clear definition. A Monopoly is a situation in which an entity, either an individual or an industry or organization, is the sole supplier of a particular good or service. As such, this supplier has no competition from other suppliers and is able to control the market value of the commodity. Some monopolies are government-enforced or controlled, while others form naturally or through company merger. According to our focus of this paper, we are asking about the long-run competitive equilibrium of the Wonks Company that was earning a normal rate of return and were competing in a monopolistically competitive market structure. One of the questions we must answer regarding this change in business structure is how the company’s shift to a monopoly will benefit the stakeholders involved. One of the stakeholders who may be involved is the government. Monopolies sanctioned by the government are called legal monopolies. These are considered coercive monopolies, meaning that other companies are forbidden by law to compete against them. Governments also maintain some control over monopolies through competition laws, which prevent monopolies from engaging in unscrupulous or anti-competitive practices (http://www. reference. com/motif/Society/advantages-disadvantages-of-monopolies). The second question is how a Monopoly will affect other businesses and after research it is quite obvious from the definition of a monopoly that other companies do not have to worry about competition from other companies in the same market. Consumers are affected by this change because they must either purchase the product or service from the monopoly or do without it. When a company transitions from a monopolistically competitive firm to a monopoly, there will be changes with regard to prices and output from both of these market structures. So, let’s take a closer look at how prices are affected when a firm becomes a monopoly. A common practice among some monopolies is price discrimination, in which the monopolist charges some segments of the population more than others for the same product or service, based on a higher need or a wealthier consumer base. This would usually be called price fixing which is an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand. When the monopoly is able to prevent buyers from reselling their product, they may be able to price discriminate to accentuate the effects of monopoly power. In my opinion the most important group that is affected by a Monopoly are the consumers. Monopolies can impact consumer prices in two obviously different ways, they can cause prices to drop so low that it forces companies out of business or it an cause prices to skyrocket making it difficult for consumers to purchase a product, neither being a good option for the consumer. If one business is the only provider of a product or service, the consumer is forced to pay whatever the price they demand. This can also lead to the company providing a low quality product or service without fear of losing business (Home, 2009). Since monopolies are the only provider, they can set pretty much any price they choose, regardless of demand, because they know the consumer has no choice. Is this sort of thing fair to consumers? Of course not, but it is how big business is able to stay on top of the market. For example, most people find that Apple products have an outrageous price tag, but I have come to learn that the quality of their products is outstanding and I estimate that Apple will continue to rise in popularity for years to come. It has also come to my attention that because Monopolies try to monitor the price of products they may resort to price discrimination. Price discrimination is sometimes defined as the practice of a firm selling a homogeneous commodity at the same time to different purchasers at different prices . Of course, I believe it is important to understand what and how price discrimination occurs. â€Å"Price discrimination exists when two similar products which have the same marginal cost to produce are sold by a firm at different prices. This sort of practice is highly controversial in terms of its impact on both consumers and rivals† (Price Discrimination, 2006, p. 1). There are many ways to accomplish these sort of conditions because the transactions surely need not be simultaneous; indeed, there is temporal discrimination, such as between Sunday rates and week, day rates, matinee and evening prices, peak rates and off-peak rates, season and off-season prices. To sell different qualities or products with different marginal cost at the same price, or to buy different qualities or factors of different efficiency at the same price, is also discriminatory. Based on all of this useful information we must also answer the question regarding which market structure is more beneficial for Wonks to operate in and will this market structure benefit consumers? In my opinion it is based on the level of quality and service of the products and how much consumers are willing to pay for the products they want to purchase. In a monopolistic competitive market the consumer may choose to purchase a substitute product for a lower price, but only if the consumer values price over value. Of course with a monopoly there may be only a few companies offering a substitute product. If one company’s product becomes too high in price, the consumer will eventually look for another brand that offers similar use. According to economist, the monopolistic competitor’s demand curve is less elastic than a pure competitor and more elastic than a pure monopolist. Monopolistic competitors have excess capacity which means that fewer companies operating at capacity could supply the industry output. It is my opinion that Wonks might operate more beneficially as a Monopoly than at a Monopolistic Competitive firm because they will not have as much competition to deal with and they can corner the market with value and price. Resources: 1. McChesney, F. S. , Shughart II, W. F. , & Haddock, D. D. (2004). ON THE INTERNAL CONTRADICTIONS OF THE LAW OF ONE PRICE. Economic Inquiry, 42(4), 706-716. doi:10. 1093/ei/cbh091 2. Mainwaring, L. L. (1977). MONOPOLY POWER, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND PRICE DETERMINATION. Kyklos, 30(4), 674. 3. https://www. fcsknowledgecenter. com/uploads/2011_Row_Crops_Industry_Perspective. pdf 4. http://academic. udayton. edu/lawrenceulrich/Stakeholder%20Theory. pdf 5. http://www. answers. com/topic/mergers-and-acquisitions 6. http://www. helium. com/items/1405663-what-is-a-monopoly-what-do-monopolies-do-how-is-the-economy-affected-by-monopolies 7. Case, K. E. , Fair, R. C. , and Oster, S. E. (2009) Principles of Microeconomics (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. A monopoly from start to finish. (2017, Apr 30).

Macroeconomics - Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macroeconomics - Economic Growth - Essay Example Most of the regional developments have been caused by local and international investments. Research has placed China among the top countries with increased industrial developments. Economic leaders have ensured friendly policies so that investors can start businesses in local areas. Finance has also been offered to local investors with business ideas through the sale of bonds by local governments. The regions act as economic blocks where production and trade is regulated (China Central Television 2014). Free trade and a large capital and human resource have contributed to most of the economic developments in China. Industries in these regions range from electronic companies to designer clothing firms. They provide job to locals leading to middle and upper class lifestyles. China’s high population has been advantageous in the provision of local markets (China Central Television 2014). Most of the produced goods are sold locally while the national government invests in exports as a source of income. Reliance on internal sources of raw materials has also enhanced the country’s economic stability because economic meltdowns in other countries do not cause a chain reaction. Despite its high population, presence of skilled labor and investment programs has led to job creations leading to better lifestyles that are a sign of economic development. China Central Television. (2014, May 29). China pursuing coordinated regional economic development - CCTV News - CCTV.com English. China pursuing coordinated regional economic development - CCTV News - CCTV.com English. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from

Boys Town Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Boys Town - Essay Example Boys Town is doing great job by providing â€Å"home services† to families as part of the family care plan. Boys Town offers colourful nights and amazing atmosphere to troubled children. It offers fashion outlets, wine shops and quality restaurants at very moderate rates. Boys Town is accessible through number of road and rail networks. Belmont and Addison stations provide transport services on two different routes. Buses and taxicabs are available at discount rates for Boys Town. Progressive treatment is provided to children with emotional problems. Boys Town always tries to return the children after the treatment to parents in good mental and physical health. Boys Town gathers donations from the entire US. This helps in making the living and feeding arrangements more easy and at the same time affected family is not made liable to share major expenses. Anthropologist organizations are encouraged to provide meal, bedding and cloths to poor children. Boys Town is open for people of all the classes and religion. Admissions are available through a very simple procedure. Boys Town press and electronic media are very functional to highlight the importance of boys Town to needy

Millennials group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Millennials group - Essay Example For this essay, the main focus is on the Millennials group. This Millennials key identifying feature is that it is brought up in a digital world. The Millennials are referred to as the Generation Y group, who are between the adolescent age and 30yrs old (13-30yrs). This is the newest group of generation. There are different types of generations: 1) â€Å"the great generation† born in 1925-1942; 2) baby boomers born in 1945-1964; 3) generation Xers born in 1965-1976, and 4) generation Y, born in 1977-2000. All these generations have a considerable impact on the workforce but with the rising numbers of Millennials in the workforce, more changes may yet to come on how organizations operate. Notably, the majority of the top executive positions in various organizations are occupied by the Great generation or baby boomers than the Generation Xers and lastly the lower positions by the Millennials (Smith 1). Millennials â€Å"are the most ethnically and racially diverse cohort of you th† in history. They are an emerging group of all time in U.S. history to be more politically active, for example, during the 2008 elections 66% of them endorsed Obama as they preferred candidate as compared to 32% who voted for McCain. These figures show a huge gap as compared to other generations voting figures which were closely equal. They are also the generation with good familiarity with recent technology as parts of their daily lives â€Å"like tweeting and texting, facebook, YouTube†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They are also not religious as compared to the other generations. The Millennials always have a tendency of desiring regular promotions in their jobs and for them to climb the ladder quickly to the top managerial positions. They rely on mentoring and have strong personalities of achieving more each day.

Endangered languages and cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Endangered languages and cultures - Essay Example As Argenter (2005) observes, language extinction occurs through loss of its native orator. Language extinction is a development that has emotional impacts on speaking communities, more so when there is a decrease in the level of linguistic capability that orators possess in a given language variety. Eventually this development brings about extinction of a language variety due to non-existence of fluent and native speakers. There are various reasons why languages disappear. Globalization is one of them; this refers to either division of labour and global economic specialism or adoption of cultural practices that are similar across the world. Globalization is said to be the result of language decline and not the cause. Another reason of language decline is capitalism and trade. Trade does not eradicate languages more than it eradicates cultural practice. Further, trade does not usually diminish language but instead improves interchange of cultural practices and nurtures their proliferation. Traditionally, trade enabled the creation of new languages that can be used for communication between people who do not share the first language. Furthermore, political repression is also a major cause of language endangerment. The state strives to endorse one culture that is accepted nationwide thus limiting other minority languages in schools and public places or prohibiting them completely. Lastly, urbanization is also a major reason why language becomes extinct. As Brenzinger (2008) found out, urbanization is the movement from rural to urban areas. This has made people adopt other languages that are suitable to them and abandon their cultures. Above 50% of the languages globally are in eight countries, namely: Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Indonesia, India, Nigeria, Cameroon and Papua New Guinea. According to Cole (2011), Vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered Extinct, and critically endangered are the various

Criminolgy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Criminolgy - Essay Example These diverse punishments will be examined in this paper. Traditional methods of punishment have â€Å"individual outcome goals of incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, and deterrence† (Osler, 253). Normally this means prison and monetary retribution. An example of a traditional method of punishment for larceny could be the amount stolen as the amount of restitution and two years in jail. This depends on the amount stolen. Most crimes have traditional methods of punishments, especially for violent crimes and repeat offenders. Violent crimes and repeat offenders are normally placed in prison to segregate the offender from society. Traditional methods of punishment fall into two categories. The first is judicial discretion. All crimes have traditional guidelines. For example, a first time drug conviction can have guidelines for one to ten years. That means the judge can sentence the defendant up to ten years and no more. The sentence is up to the judge. Mandatory sentences are sentences that the judge has to pass upon conviction. An example of mandatory sentencing is California’s three strikes. If a felon is convicted of three strikes or felonies, then they are sentenced to life in prison. The judge has to convict the felon to life, no matter what circumstances, or mitigating factors. The first category of traditional methods of punishment is preferred by defense attorneys. Mitigating factors can be considered when a judge has discretion. Examples of mitigating factors are battered woman syndrome, child abuse, passion, and poverty. While these factors might not sway every judge, some judges can be swayed. Susan Smith is a good example of a judge letting mitigating circumstances influences his decision. Smith was convicted of killing her two sons. However after learning Smith had been molested as a child and her father’s suicide, the judge sentenced her to life instead of death. When a judge has discretion,

Philosophy of law ( movie review ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophy of law ( movie review ) - Essay Example These were the main areas that they did not want to thrive amidst the Jews in Germany. The Jewish synagogues were burnt to ashes and their children were expelled from school. Only the native religion and culture was to be upheld. The acts of the Nazis apparently relied on the philosophy of nationalism. Nationalism demands that a nation protects its interests and sovereignty with all means possible. Any intruding civilization is treated with inferiority and cruelty. In the case of â€Å"Night of Broken Glass†, nationalism had been exaggerated by its proponents. It was expansionist nationalism, marked with a radical military aggression towards the Jews. Nazism may be justified on the basis of sovereignty and prevention of culture distortion. Whereas the government and the Nazis were strongly supporting nationalism philosophy, a large faction of the natives seemed quite hesitant to act against the Jews. It may be said that these people were buying into communism; a classless form socialization that enhances unity. Communism, other than preserving unity, protects human dignity and rights, including

I Thought I Knew What good management was Article

I Thought I Knew What good management was - Article Example Any type of supervision that would give the manager authority, respect and trust over the long run. It was only through attitude surveys and interviews that the manager was able to see what was causing psychological or social problems. This showed that it was difficult to know what was really creating problems between successful relationship development or gain dedication to the SFD business goals. Peace (2001) discusses many different false rumors spreading through the business which was guiding certain employee behaviors. There was also resistance to change making it even more difficult to come up with a business strategy that would gain employee commitment. The first thing that the author had to do was get to the root of what was creating SFD problems in the first place. This was not an easy task because of the poor organizational culture at SFD. Not much as far as leading with an HR focus could be done because of these values of being informal, problems with managers not wanting to discuss their emotions, and problems with breaking down barriers to good communication. Peace (2001) was having difficulties changing the organizational culture for one that would be flexible and also motivated to get results of the new strategic plan. The manager at SFD learned a great deal about how to well manage people, using positive words and less autocratic management styles. What the people in the article needed was a manager that would give consideration to human relations, but also see when employee emotional responses. As said before, it was during a time period where culture was different to today, but does show that companies need to have a solid strategic plan before they can even begin to identify cultural development. Letting employees and junior managers in the organization communicate directly for shared control brought a good satisfaction and changes of attitudes. One of the biggest learning

The Federal Bureau of Investigation Essay Example for Free

The Federal Bureau of Investigation Essay In the late 19th century, 1886 precisely, it was discovered by the Supreme Court that the United States intestate commerce was un-regulated. Consequently, it became a Federal responsibility to fill up this vacuum. This gave birth to the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act. This act needed personnel to enforce it, but the Justice department had a shortage of investigators. Hence, the Attorney General then, Charles Joseph, took the initiative of plunging into other agencies like secret service for investigators. However, the congress frowned on this development of using Treasury staff as investigators and they promptly passed a law against this in 1870 (Kessler, 2006). The Attorney had no other option than to embark on an inception of ad-hoc investigators, so he hurriedly put together a formal group of investigators, which was named Bureau Of Investigators (BOI), with agents supplied by the secret service. These agents that became the first set of BOI agents were 12 in number. BOI later metamorphosized into FBI, invariably meaning that the first set of FBI agents were actually agents from Secret Service agents. (Timeline of FBI History) As expected, the BOI was christened several names until it was eventually named FBI. It was given the name the United States Bureau of Investigation in 1932. In the preceding year, it was adapted to the Bureau of Prohibition and renamed the Division of Investigation (DOI), until finally in 1935 it became the FBI. (Timeline of FBI History). The bureau started with precisely 34 agents, out of which 10 were agents from the secret service. In 1932, the first FBI laboratory was opened officially in order to facilitate scientific crime detection, under the directorship of J. Edgar Hoover, the first FBI director, who was formerly the director of BOI, the mother of FBI. Edgar served as a director for over 47 years and immediately after his death, a law was passed to limit the tenure of directors of FBI to a maximum of 10 years. (Timeline of FBI History) Edgar was quite articulate, he did not only champion the FBI laboratory, that developed DNA testing and pioneered identification using fingerprinting system in 1924, he was personally involved in many of the assignments and project executed by the FBI. The first official tasks these agents were assigned was to enforce The White Slave Traffic Act of June 25, 1910. (Timeline of FBI History). The agents were visiting and surveying prostitution houses. During these early years, the FBI’s jurisdiction was constrained simply because most of the investigations were already assigned to the local police and other law enforcement agencies. It was only given the responsibility of investigating bankruptcy and postal fraud, antitrust violations, destruction of government properties, and other crimes on â€Å"Native America reservation†. The Mann Act, which prohibited the transportation of ladies for prostitution and decadent acts and the Dyer Act, the Vehicle theft law both further empowered the FBI. Many of the criminals that once evaded the local police across the United States were doomed by these laws. The bureau was empowered to bridge the gap across the state where criminals choose and use to disappear from other agencies.   In the1930s, FBI declared war on crime and they achieved a great success for they either apprehended or killed several notorious criminals that were involved in crimes ranging from serial killing, kidnapping, robbing. Criminals like George â€Å"Machine Gun† Kelly, Alvin â€Å"Creepy† Karpis, â€Å"Baby Face† Nelson, to mention only a few, were all caught in the net of FBI.( Timeline of FBI History) All these names will ring a bell to historians of criminal and crimes. Irrespective of the fact that FBI was still in its early years, it succeeded in apprehending the whole revolutionary Mexican army based along the California border in the 1920s. Yet another achievement of the early FBI was the leveling of the strength and influence of the famous â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†, who influenced and sponsored many organized crimes. In later years, between 1940s to1970s, FBI delved into major espionage cases against United States and her allies Nations. These were the years FBI was gaining maturity. Eight Nazi agent plotting sabotage to American goals were arrested, six of them were executed. It was also during this period that the FBI embarked on a Joint US/UK code braking project and the bureau was able to break the â€Å"Soviet Union intelligence and diplomatic communication code†. The bureau had planted spies into the soviet intelligence working underground which must have led to the arrest of the Soviet spy, Rudolf Abel in the year 1957, yet another major early achievement of FBI. (Douglas,2007) Together with all these achievements and progress recorded by the FBI in its early years, there were occasionally allegation of digression from major espionages and crimes. FBI allegedly indulged itself in controversial issues such as probing the affairs of the civil right activists. Leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., Dr T.R.M Howard became the focal point of FBI’s surveillance. During this period, FBI was unable to crack some major murder cases such as the killing of George W. Lee and some other black Americans. Rather than concentrating on major crimes, FBI investigated and upset the activities of political organizations in the United States including non-violent political and civil right groups. Amongst this is the popular Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Unfortunately, many of these individuals and groups could not be connected with any crime, the FBI was even alleged to indulge in blackmail in netting some of its victims. A journalist once claimed that an anonymous letter was sent to Luther King by FBI, advising him to commit suicide. Several individuals have been said to be on the record of FBI, for it investigates and files the record of virtually all the top celebrities and rich man in the United State irrespective of the sphere of life the individual operates in. From the celebrities in the entertainment industry to politicians, academicians and lots more, the FBI has a thoroughly researched document on them all. Among these individuals are: Elvis Presley, the Famous Musician, Walt Disney’s founder, Frank Sinatra, John Denver, John Lennon, Jane Fonda, Groucho Marx, Charlie Chaplin, MC5, Lou Costello, Sonny Bono, Bob Dylan, Mickey Mantle, to mention only but a few. (Douglas,2007 ) Such were the activities of the FBI until the murder of John F. Kennedy. The task and responsibility of investigating the killing of the president of the United State was too enormous for the local police, hence, the new president instructed the FBI to take over the case. This development led to the congress passing a law to back this development up. Therefore, thereafter, the FBI handled all homicides at such level. Till date, FBI has been in charge of investigation of murder of all federal officials. This killing of Kennedy could be said to revive the FBI, for soon after the killing the â€Å"Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act† (RICO ACT) was enacted, which enabled the FBI to dig into organized crimes networks. (Timeline of FBI History)The bureau investigated the popular crime syndicates and families that were fast becoming the brain behind all major crimes in large cities and small towns too. Today, the RICO Act is still used for all organized crime. From1910 to 1996 the congress kept coming up with different types of laws that increasingly focused on and regulated the activities of both individual and organizations, laws regulating political, personal and economic activities of all and sundry. This increasingly regulation kept on bestowing more power to the FBI. Its responsibilities were redefined to include areas that were exclusively left for local law enforcement agents.   Not only was the bureau allowed to handle cases of bank robbery, theft, fraud, gambling etc. The federal laws further empowered the FBI when some laws were enacted that narrowed the scope of privacy right by defining distribution of obscene literatures, migration across state line to indulge in non-marital sexual acts and even speeches and association that threatens the existence of the United State or promotes or protects any foreign interest as criminal. Overly, the FBI was empowered to investigate any individual’s or organization’s activity that is political in nature. These reports serve as intelligence report to the presidency, State, justice, war department and other federal agencies. The bureau does not only help alert and curb crimes, it also helps in implementing loyalty in among federal workers. The bureau is also saddled with the responsibility of disseminating information for the purpose of influencing the public opinion and reducing the powers and influence of political activists. This information dissemination authority was given to the bureau in 1940s and in 1950s, it was further refined into cognate programs. (Douglas,2007) The 1984 Olympic brought another major development in the FBI. (End of cold war,www.fib.com). The bureau formed a unit of selected agents to assist with curbing the major crimes and terrorism that could arise at the 1984 Olympics.   This development was necessary when Athletes from Israel were murdered by terrorists. This team was given the name Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) which later became the SWAT. Again, 1984 the computer Analysis and Response Team (CART) was formed. After the cold war, terrorism was reduced tremendously, this consequently reduced the task of the FBI, hence agents of the bureau were assigned the responsibility of tailing fugitives who have escaped and crossed state lines. In the 1990s, over 300 agents resigned due to fewer activities in the FBI. (End of cold war,www.fib.com)

Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories of Learning Essay Example for Free

Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories of Learning Essay In the study of learning, learning theories are categorized into paradigms or schools of thought based on viewpoints shared by scientists that provide a framework for research. Three of the major paradigms of learning theories include the cognitive paradigm, the neurophysiological paradigm and the evolutionary paradigm. The first paradigm is referred to as cognitive because theorists place their emphasis on the cognitive nature of learning. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), the second paradigm is called neurophysiological because it attempts to isolate the mental and physiological correlates of things such as learning, perception, thinking and intelligence. The third paradigm is termed evolutionary because theorists attempt to explain learning processes based on an organisms evolutionary history. DiscussionThere are several theorists whose ideas are predominately cognitive. Theses theorists include the Gestalt psychologists Kurt Lewin and Kurt Koffka, as well as Jean Piaget, Edward Chace Tolman, and Albert Bandura. Wertheimer, Kohler and Lewin were founders of the Gestalt movement. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), Gestalt theorists believed that we experience the world in meaningful wholes and do not see isolated stimuli but stimuli gathered together into meaningful configurations (p. 264). Kurt Lewin proposed a field theory of human motivation. He believed that behavior and cognitive processes are determined by various psychological facts that a person is consciously experiencing. The psychological facts are interdependent and any change in one can affect all the others, therefore influencing our behavior. Kurt Koffka, another Gestaltist falling under the cognitive paradigm defined the law of Pragnanz in Gestalt Theory. The law of Pragnanz states that, all mental events tend toward completeness, simplicity, and meaningfulness (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 473). Followers of Gestalt theory used this law as a guiding principle when studying learning. Another cognitive theorist was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget contributed several theories including intelligence, schemata, assimilation and accommodation, and interiorization. According to his theory of intelligence, intelligence  is any act that creates optimal conditions for the organisms survival under the existing circumstances (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005 p. 295). Intelligence effects how one adapts to the ever-changing environment. In Piagets schemata theory a persons schema is a cognitive structure that allows a person to act and respond to the environment. A schema can be either overt or covert behavior. The theory of assimilation explains how a person can respond to the environment using existing cognitive structures. The theory of accommodation explains how an organism adapts to the environment by modifying cognitive structures. Piagets concept of interiorization is described by Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) as the gradual decreased dependence on the physical environment and the increased utilization of cognitive structures (p. 299). Through this process, organisms can respond to more complex situations by thinking about them. Edward Chace Tolmans ideas were also predominately cognitive. He believed that organisms develop a mental picture of the environment which he referred to as a cognitive map. The cognitive map develops when mental expectations are confirmed by experience. When an organism is faced with a problem, it utilizes the cognitive map and chooses the best solution requiring the least amount of work according to Tolmans principle of least effort that will result in satisfaction. Albert Bandura, another cognitive theorist suggested that behavior is learned through observation. He theorized that learning is influenced by four processes. The first process, the attentional process, involves the observer attending to the model. The second process is called the retentional process. This process involves the observer retaining the information gained from the observation by storing it cognitively. The third process is the behavioral production process which requires the learner to have the physical capabilities or behavioral abilities to perform what is learned. The final process, the motivational process provides incentives that motivate the learner to actually perform what has been learned. Bandura also theorized that peoples behavior is also determined by reciprocal determinism. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) summarize Banduras concept of reciprocal determinism by stating that, behavior, the environment, and  people (and their beliefs) all interact (p. 349). Falling under the neurophysiological paradigm is the theorist Donald Olding Hebb. Some of his theories included that of restricted environments, enriched environments, cell assemblies, phase sequences, and sensory deprivation. In Hebbs theory of restricted environments, Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), explain that if an environment lacks stimulation or experience, it can have a negative impact on the growth and development of nervous system. A restrictive environment can disrupt normal intellectual and perceptual development. In contrast, an enriched environment full of stimulation and experience can enhance development. Hebb also believed that each environmental object we experience stimulates a complex pattern of neurons called cell assemblies (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 379). The cell assemblies provide the basis of a thought. When cell assemblies become interconnected they form phase sequences. Phase sequences allow us to have streams of thoughts. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), Hebb concluded in his theories that not only is sensory information necessary for proper neurophysiological development, but it is also necessary for the maintenance of normal functioning (p. 384). When an organisms experience sensory deprivation, severe cognitive disorientation, stress and fear can occur. Hebb believed that the environment had a direct effect on mental and physiological processes which influenced behavior and learning. The final paradigm is the evolutionary paradigm. Attempting to explain the learning process using evolutionary principles was the theorist Robert C. Bolles. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) state that Bolles believed that learning involved the development of expectancies (p. 425). Expectancies are when an organism learns that one event leads to another. Bolles believed that organisms had innate predispositions for behavior and that motivation restricts response flexibility. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) explain that an organisms natural reaction in a situation may make it difficult to learn a new response. Using the niche argument, Bolles argued that an understanding of learning must be accompanied by an understanding of the evolutionary history of the organism (Hergenhahn and Olson, (2005), p. 427). According this argument, organisms have to learn certain behaviors that they are  predispositioned for and not learn others depending on their niche and how they fit in the big picture. This can determine whether the organism is successful or not in adapting to its environment. Conclusion Although learning theorist in the various paradigms have attempted to explain learning and its processes, many questions are still unanswered. One of these questions is how does learning vary as a function of maturation? If learning occurs differently in different stages it would be beneficial to conduct research on how maturation affects the learning process. The information yielded from such research could be very beneficial in regards to education. Another unanswered question is how does learning vary as a function of species? If some organisms have the biological ability to learn certain behaviors and some do not, how can research involving different species be beneficial? If psychologists want to learn more about the learning process in humans, they should study humans rather than making generalizations across species. Other questions that remain unanswered involve learning and personality characteristics, learning as a function of the total environment, learning and associations, as well as learning and instinctive behavior. It is imperative that more research be conducted in an attempt to answer these questions about learning to give people a greater comprehension of learning. The more knowledge we have about the learning process and what affects it, the better we will be at making learning successful. References: Hergenhahn, B.R., Olson, M. (2005). An Introduction to Theories of Learning. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

Business Plan For Entering Chinese Beer Market Marketing Essay

Business Plan For Entering Chinese Beer Market Marketing Essay The Chinese beer market has grown at a strong rate between 2004 and 2008. It has generated total revenues of $ 42.8 billion in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12% for the period spanning 2004-2008. Market consumption volumes increased with a CAGR of 9.2% for the period 2004- 2008, to reach a total of 38.8 billion liters in 2008. The markets volume is expected to rise to 53.6 billion liters by the end of 2013, representing a CAGR of 6.7% for the 2008-2013 period. Standard lager sales proved the most lucrative for the Chinese beer market in 2008, generating total revenues of $34.7 billion, equivalent to 81.2% of the markets overall value. In comparison, sales of premium lager generated revenues of $7.7 billion in 2008, equating to 18% of the markets aggregate revenues. The performance of the market is forecast to decelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 9.4% for the five-year period 2008-2013, which is expected to lead the market to a value of $67 billion by the end of 2013.  [1]   Market Value The Chinese beer market grew by 14.9% in 2008 to reach a value of $42.8 billion. Market Value Forecast In 2013, the Chinese beer market is forecast to have a value of $67 billion, an increase of 56.7% since 2008. Market Volume The Chinese beer market grew by 12.5% in 2008 to reach a volume of 38.8 billion liters. Market Volume Forecast In 2013, the Chinese beer market is forecast to have a volume of 53.6 billion liters, an increase of 38.4% since 2008. Market Segmentation I Standard lager sales dominated the Chinese beer market, generating 81.2% of the markets overall revenues. Market Segmentation II China accounts for 42.9% of the Asia-Pacific beer markets value. Market Share Anheuser-Busch InBev accounts for 24% share of the Chinese beer markets volume. ( www.euromonitor.com) Distribution Supermarkets and hypermarkets distribute 35.7% of the Chinese beer markets volume. 1.2 Situation of Chinese beer industry The Chinese beer market has grown at an astounding pace in recent years, spurred on by the massive levels of foreign investment in the market, along with the rise in the average levels of consumer spending in China, thanks to the economic reform policies of the government. China has now overtaken the US to become the largest national beer market in the world. However, per capita beer consumption in China remains very low relatively meaning that there remains great scope for development.  [2]   In 2013, the Chinese beer market is forecast to have a volume of 53.6 billion liters, an increase of 38.4% since 2008. The compound annual growth rate of the market volume in the period 2008-2013 is predicted to be 6.7%.  [3]   Table 1 Source: Datamonitor 2. The strategic triangle ( the 3Cs ) 2.1 The Corporation Aire Valley Breweries is a medium-scale brewery that is located in UK, it is an effective company with high cost structure but it sells its premium bottled product at premium prices so it is not a real problem. Its current production includes: Hostenbeck. European style lager beer, 5% abv, in 260 ml glass bottles San Bernardo. European style lager beer, 5.5% abv, in 240 ml glass bottles Camelot. British style dark bitter beer, 4.5% abv, in 500 ml glass bottles Ark Royal. British style dark bitter beer, 5.6% abv, in 500 ml glass bottles Pot of Gold. Irish style dark stout beer, 5.2% ABV, IN 500 ml glass bottles 2.2 The Customer Aire Valley Breweries plc intends to provide the customer with more than just a traditional brew. We intend to distribuite a high quality brew that will not only be refreshing and pleasurable, but also encourage gatherings and sharing of fun. Our customers can be feel safe about the highest quality standards of all our products. Looking at the consumer, there are some differences between the ways different alcoholic beverages are used in different occasions, but many product choice are a matter of personal taste this makes beer vulnerable to the threat of other alcoholic beverages and many people are about the idea that wine can be more healthy. Overall, there is a moderate threat from other type of alchoolic beverages. Our target customer will be people of any ages and gender but our products are more suitable for over 20 years men and women. 2.3 The Competitors We should identify competition in terms of companies already operating in the Chinese market that product similar type of beers. Hence there will be a need to strongly differentiate ouselves from other already well-settled businesses. However after an accurate market analysis, our competition comes in several forms: 1. The biggest competitors are Anheuser-Busch InBev NV/SA, Tsingtao Brewery, Company Ltd., SABMiller Plc. Been present on the market for a long period, they have a wide and established distribution network that they utilize to their advantage. In order to compete with these leading companies we intend to strongly undertake new channel and distribution development in addition to adopting aggressive marketing strategies. 2. Other manufacturers of traditional brews including homes and local bars will also constitute our competitors. They often have access to the local and remote areas and knowledge of these areas. However their products are not of high standard, which we shall fully exploit. Anheuser-Busch InBev accounts for 24% share of the Chinese beer markets volume. In comparison, SABMiller accounts for 15.9% of the total markets volume.  [4]   Table 2 Source: Datamonitor 3. The market segmentation of the Chinese beer industry The Chinese beer market is fragmented, with top three players holding 53.6% of the total market by volume. The market leaders are companies that own a strong well-known brand-image and operate within various segments of the market, which is possible due to the ease of increase in production capacity once a company is established and has already gained customers loyalty. There is a waste differentiation of products in the market, as there are many varieties within the beer category, including: ales, stouts, low/no alcohol, standard and premium lager, and specialty beer. Entry into this market would be highly dependent on the growth prospects and also on the size of the existing players. Furthermore, beer can be vulnerable to the threat from substitutes such as spirits and wine, due to low switching costs and consumption patterns in different geographies. 3.1 Geographic There are difference between Northerners and Southerners. There are large numbers of beer consumers chose to drink at dinning and banquet in the 6 selected metropolitan consumer markets; namely Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Chengdu, Wuhan and Guangzhou. A comparably distinct preference for drink-places was identified as frequenting at bar counters in Guangzhou (15.7%).  [5]   Table 3 Source: IMI Consumer Behavioural Lifestyle Yearbook 2002-2003 3.2 Demographic In China, women population consume more beer beverage than men, almost 40% of consumers in Beijing are women. Table 4 Source: IMI Consumer Behavioural Lifestyle Yearbook 2002-2003 3.3 Psychographic Supermarket chains are often able to negotiate very strongly on price with beer producers, which fact boosts buyer power significantly. Switching costs for buyers are not particularly high, which increases buyer power in all markets. Beer producers can differentiate their products quite strongly, not only by the overall segment (lager or bitter, for example) but also by brand, ingredients, style, and so on.  [6]   3.4 Behavioural The IMI survey classifies beer beverage consumers into heavy and non-heavy drinkers. Heavy consumers drink habit ranges from daily drinking to a minimum of once or twice a week. Beijing beer beverage consumers are mostly heavy drinkers (67%). In Guangzhou, the heavy and non-heavy consumers are equally distributed in numbers. Table 5 Source: IMI Consumer Behavioural Lifestyle Yearbook 2002-2003 About 30% of the Beijing heavy drinkers are women, as compared to the other two metropolitan consumer markets in less than 20%. All the women consumer in the three selected metropolitan markets behave differently, ranging from frequency in drinking, preference for drinking-places, brand images, and personal lifestyles.  [7]   Table 6 Source: IMI Consumer Behavioural Lifestyle Yearbook 2002-2003 4. The 4Ps Marketing Mix 4.1 Product Aire Valley Brewwerie plc should produces products of high quality and impeccable taste. Our products will be positioned very carefully. They will be of extremely high quality to ensure customer satisfaction, supported by impeccable service to our customers. As high quality beers can be sold at premium prices, it is now possible to enter the market on a small scale as a microbrewery. Investment in production equipment can be recouped by adding a good margin to the price of the end-product. Standard lager sales dominated the Chinese beer market, generating 81.2% of the markets overall revenues. Sales of premium lager generated 18% of the markets aggregate revenues.(Datamonitor)  [8]   Table 7 Source: Datamonitor 4.2 Pricing We will ensure that our products prices take into consideration peoples budgets. However these prices will also take into consideration the cost of production and distribution 4.3 Distribution These products will be extensively distributed to remote,  yet extremely viable areas where the market is appreciative of readily available, good quality brew. We intend to establish an brilliant network that will enable us to rapidly respond to customers orders, and be available in remote areas our competitor has not yet exploited. 4.4 Promotion The marketing strategy we will adopt will convey the sense of quality and satisfaction in every picture, every promotion, and every publication. The promotion will involve integrating advertising, events, personal selling, public relations and direct marketing. In the long term Internet marketing will also be undertaken, which will help to increase the knowledge of our products to the various market target segments. Web presence is a natural objective in reaching the appropriate potential customers. Well-done brochures, company profiles and business cards often has an attraction effect on clients contemplating on ordering our products. Hence this will undoubtedly generate increased sales of our products. 5. SWOT Analysis In a rapidly growing economy market as the Chinese one we should focus on our strenghts to respond quickly to what the market dictates and to provide quality brew in such a highly lucrative market. We should also acknowledge our weakness of a medium-sized company without any international experience. 5.1 Strenghts Market segmentation strategies Focused marketing campaign Established company in UK with strong capital base Different type of products for different tastes 5.2 Weaknesses Lack of reputation in the Chinese market No knowledge about Chinese culture and behaviour Chinese distribution channel different from UK one Introduction of Chinese empà ²yees who have not previously worked in the company present a challenge to the company. 5.3 Opportunities The new generation are more interested in foreign brand and attractive packaging Internet marketing and sales Chinese beer market had a huge demand in the last years followed by population growth 5.4 Threats Existing competition in Chinese beer market Marketing strategies and tactics by other established European companies 6. Conclusion The brewing industry has been one of those quickest to modernise in China. Despite its huge market size, there remains great scope for development, and many new opportunities are still available in China. Per capita beer consumption in China has grown to near parity with other regional market, and so development in the market will in future rely much more on raising the average value of purchases, and persuading Chinese consumers to trade-up to premium products and brands.

Drugs Essay -- essays papers

Drugs An issue of personal, local, and national concern that I would like to focus in this essay is drugs. There are many reasons why I find drugs to be an issue of great importance to me. First, drugs is a personal issue to me. For most of my life, I have been living in places where drugs have surrounded me. For the past ten years, I have been living in the Duncan Projects in Jersey City, where the temptation of selling, buying, or even using drugs seems to be growing every day. Every day I see older people and even young kids engaging in the act of buying, selling, and using drugs. I ask myself why do people get involved in drugs; is it because of a financial need? Sometimes people believe that having a lot of money makes them a success, but they are wrong. People also be...

Carrion Comfort by Gerard Manley Hopkins Essay -- Carrion Comfort Hopk

Carrion Comfort by Gerard Manley Hopkins Gerard Manley Hopkins was a talented poet, and he was also extremely devoted to his faith. He used his poetry as an avenue in which to express his love and praise to his Creator, and many of his poems are beautiful hymns of adoration. â€Å"Carrion Comfort,† however, is one of his â€Å"terrible sonnets.† Hopkins not only wrote about the beautiful part of faith, but also the questioning and suffering that inevitably comes during a person’s spiritual journey. The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet was one of Hopkins’s favorite forms of poetry and one that he employed frequently in his writing. Hopkins enjoyed the fusion of form and content, and the structure of an Italian sonnet perfectly lends itself to such a synthesis. An Italian sonnet is divided into two parts, the octave and the sestet. The first eight lines have an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme and the sestet concludes with CDCDCD. The content of an Italian sonnet is very specifically and thematically organized as is the content of Hopkins’s â€Å"Carrion Comfort.† The octave is divided into two quatrains, which present and then develop, respectively, a problem or situation on which the poem focuses. The sestet relates the answer or solution to the problem. The transition between the two sections of the poem can be easily identified through dramatic punctuation, or a distinct change in tone. The octave in â€Å"Carrion Comfort† powerfully illustrates intense s uffering and despair experienced by the speaker. Hopkins masterfully depicts the transformation from the utter despair caused by this suffering to hope and reconciliation with God as he makes a transition into the sestet. Throughout the poem, Hopkins uses various poetic elements, such as th... ...feast on thee; Not untwist--slack they may be--these last strands of man In me or, most weary, cry I can no more. I can; Can something, hope, wish day come, not choose not to be. But ah, but O thou terrible, why wouldst thou rude on me Thy wring-world right foot rock? lay a lionlimb against me? Scan With darksome devouring eyes my bruised bones? and fan, O in turns of tempest, me heaped there; me frantic to avoid thee and flee? Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer and clear. Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod, Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy, would laugh, cheer. Cheer whom though? The hero whose heaven-handling flung me, foot trod Me? or me that fought him? O which one? is it each one? That night, that year Of now done darkness I wretch lay wrestling with (my God!) my God.

Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufr

Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock In Episode 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader through a gauntlet of food that enlarges one of the novel ¹s main linguistic strategies, that of gradual digestion. While Episode 10 may seem like a more appropriate choice for a spatial representation of the city, this episode maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the body and exiting them. In T.S. Eliot ¹s poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-hero ¹s own inability digest thoroughly any complete thought all the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with realism appropriate to the task: "And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind: food, chyle, blood, dung, earth good: have to feed it like stoking an engine" (144-5). Indeed, this is the path words take in the novel; they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Martha ¹s "Are you not happy in your home you poor little naughty boy?" which, despite its impure implications, is at least black ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Bloom ¹s journey (as in Episode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Martha ¹s lines, the typographical error "I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other world" (131). These words become "worlds," carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the "throwaway" into the Liffey, and its words sail down not only the river, but alongside Bloom, causing him trouble and marking him as a throwaway himself. Words often hi nt at their own creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of "mermaids singing, each to each." Our paralysis in reading "Prufrock," from stanzaic symmetries ("And would it have been worth it, after all"/"That is not is, at all," used twice with minor variations) that indicate Prufrock ¹s stalled action to the anatomization of pluralized body parts ("eyes"/"arms") that rest heavily on a local item while emphasizing its multitude and power, "Disturb[s] the universe" as much as Prufrock ¹s own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sinks further down, drowning not only in other "human voices" but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works Cited Eliot, T. S.. "The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2003. 851-855. Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York: Penguin Books, 1996 Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufr Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock In Episode 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader through a gauntlet of food that enlarges one of the novel ¹s main linguistic strategies, that of gradual digestion. While Episode 10 may seem like a more appropriate choice for a spatial representation of the city, this episode maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the body and exiting them. In T.S. Eliot ¹s poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-hero ¹s own inability digest thoroughly any complete thought all the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with realism appropriate to the task: "And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind: food, chyle, blood, dung, earth good: have to feed it like stoking an engine" (144-5). Indeed, this is the path words take in the novel; they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Martha ¹s "Are you not happy in your home you poor little naughty boy?" which, despite its impure implications, is at least black ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Bloom ¹s journey (as in Episode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Martha ¹s lines, the typographical error "I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other world" (131). These words become "worlds," carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the "throwaway" into the Liffey, and its words sail down not only the river, but alongside Bloom, causing him trouble and marking him as a throwaway himself. Words often hi nt at their own creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of "mermaids singing, each to each." Our paralysis in reading "Prufrock," from stanzaic symmetries ("And would it have been worth it, after all"/"That is not is, at all," used twice with minor variations) that indicate Prufrock ¹s stalled action to the anatomization of pluralized body parts ("eyes"/"arms") that rest heavily on a local item while emphasizing its multitude and power, "Disturb[s] the universe" as much as Prufrock ¹s own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sinks further down, drowning not only in other "human voices" but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works Cited Eliot, T. S.. "The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2003. 851-855. Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York: Penguin Books, 1996

To What Extent Was the Constitution a Radical Departure from the Articles of Confederation

Question: To what extent was the Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Thesis: Due to the fact that the Articles of Confederation were causing problems, the U. S. adopted the Constitution that solved the problems in the weak government including no executive control and no way to levy or collect taxes. I. On example of how the Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation is the setup of their government a. Houses in Congress i. Articles of Confederation of 1777 had one-house congress 1.Weak government a. When the government was created, people were afraid of a strong government like England had. The government became very weak because of that. i. No executive branch; no president/leader 1. Colonists were afraid of the president turning into a king. 2. After Shay’s Rebellion and other rebellions, people realized that they needed someone to govern them. a. Shays rebellion was a rebellion caused by the government forcing people to go to jail if they were in debt b. ,000 men marched to Worcester where they closed down the commonwealth’s Supreme Court and then marched to Springfield where they broke in and freed imprisoned debtors. c. Massachusetts asked Congress for help but legally, there was not much Congress to do to relieve them. Noting, a greater authority in the central government is necessary ii. No judiciary; no courts iii. ALL power went to legislative b. Government couldn’t tax the states or individuals iv. Individuals were still only subject to their states and hadn’t had an interest in a national government c.Thomas Paine’s Common Sense v. Widely read, Paine argued how it never did any good for Americans to be subjects under a King and how they are strong enough to create an independent republic. ii. Constitution 2. Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philadelphia was where people met to start creating and drafting a constitution d. After Shay’s Rebellion, it was notic ed that a strong central government was needed e. America was in debt after the war, we needed someone in charge to clear up the debt. i. Taxation is now allowed in the Constitution but taxation was not allowed under the Articles of Confederation. 3. Strong government f. Could tax individuals vii. Individuals were now subject to their state government as well as the national government viii. Taxes were enforced 3. Helped pay off war debt g. Checks and balances ix. Representation in Congress 4. Great Compromise d. Exactly 2 Senators from each state were chosen (in favor of the smaller states- equal representation) e.House of Representatives from each state were chosen based upon population (in favor of smaller states- population) x. Branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) 5. They were separate, and each checked on the other branch to make sure it is running efficiently Conclusion: The Constitution was created to fix the governmental problems that the Articles of Confederation failed to do. It was essential for the U. S. to depart from the Articles of Confederation because of the weak government it had created, there was no executive branch/leader, and Legislature was prohibited to levy or collect taxes.

Love in LA Essay

The difference between twain separate opinions of contend could be truly similar, yet could be drastically contrasting. In the story warmth in L. A. , compose by Dagoberto Gilb, Jake has, what would appear to a ruler somebody, a skewed good deal of delight in. discover of every issue in his world he could chose to kip down, it is his motorrail skillful smart car that he loves. His car means everything to him and it looks as if nonhing else matters. In the story The complete of My Life, by T. C. Boyle, devil teen suppuraters seem to love severally other so passionately that they atomic number 18 leave behinding to assay the life of their own child to trammel, what they calculate in their eyes, a perfect life. resembling Jake in beloved in L. A. and the teenagers in The erotic love of My Life, peoples view on love back kindredwiseth sway many contrasting ways, somewhattimes clouding their capacity to mend the congruous decision. In Love in L. A. Jake h as a deep love for his car and everything intimately it. Even as he rides in his car, he thinks of ways to make it better. maculation he describes adding accessories such as broken in velvet interior warm hummer and defroster and cruise control, Jake falls regular further into a daze. To the reader the car is just an obsolete piece of toss. This old piece of junk is more than plentiful to keep Jake apt.Without any friends or soulfulness to talk to, his beat up Buick is the tho thing he is able to plug in with. For example, his awkward encounter with Mariana shows how strangers perceive him, which could be a contributory reason to wherefore he has such a link with his car. Instead of having a relationship with a human being, in a way he has a relationship with an breathtaking object. The teenagers in The Love of My Life extradite an saturninebeat view of love. They love apiece other greatly and leave alone do anything for love, even if it means throwing their unse asonedborn bollix in a dumpster like a piece of unwanted garbage.Both of them are at fault for the situation that they today find themselves in. Even though the Jeremy is in jail for murdering their young child, the girl pressured him into doing so. If they twain love each other as they claim, the girl wouldnt charter pressured Jeremy into murdering the baby, and the twat should not cave in given in for the sake of love. Their view of love is off in the sense that they are too caught up in good-natured themselves and reckon that having a baby will soften their lives. They dont want to administer the time to love their baby because it will take outdoor(a) time that they would brace to spend together.If they truly loved each other, they would take the baby into their lives and love it like they love one another. Along with not having a view of love that would be considered normal, Jake does not seem to have a real grasp of what is acceptable and what is not. After giving fake breeding to the girl he just evoke ended while day envisage about his beloved car, he drives away pondering what just unfolded. He feels some guilt and shows signs that hint towards knowing what is right and wrong, taking a moment or two to feel both proud and bad about his performance.But soon after(prenominal) he is content and the only thing on his mind is getting new license plates for his car since he take the old plates off of an old junk car. His love for the car clouds his reasoning and forces him to make decisions influenced by him loving his car. As closely teenagers would say, having a baby before the age of twenty is a burden person of that age could go without. The teenagers in The Love of My Life seem to hold the identical opinion, but the teens in the story took a route not heavily traveled upon.Without thinking of a plan to safely get rid of the baby, like adoption, their source reaction was to throw the baby in a dumpster. Short term fix, mop up wit h heavy consequences. The reason for their decision was found off love. In Jakes eyes, the love that he has for his car is no divergent than loving something physically. The car that he drives makes him happy and gives him something to do. It is clear that nothing, not even a fender bender, chamberpot keep him from loving his car. On the other hand, the lack of love the teenagers show towards their child in The Love of My Life shows that they have tunnel vision when it comes to love.They are focused on themselves and they will stop at nothing to keep their love intact. Depending on how a person is raised or influenced throughout life, love can have many different meanings. Like Jake in Love in L. A. , love doesnt always have to be associated with other people. Love can influence people in a negative way like The Love of My Life, but could also have a positive impact. As experienced in both stories, peoples views on love can sway many different ways, sometimes affecting their abil ity to make the proper choice.

Building Types through Time

Since the evolution of earthkind, he has been in the difference of creating and molding the world and its raw resources according to his dire involve and sympathiser. When Adam and Eve were sent floor to an absolute barren world they had tout ensemble the resources unrestricted, and in an unlimited amount, but what they didnt defecate then was knowledge of exploiting them or notwithstanding the crave of attaining comfort of unimaginable means. They lived in small stone caves, back up with branches of trees and nature, tax sheltering themselves just wish salubrious their peer animals.Man since the very inauguration has been the same animal, just the way his surroundings veerd and his abilities evolved, he gained the potential of achieving the maximum efficiency and toil from his mannerspan designs and that is the concept of derived modernism in mans life today. What identifies man from opposite animals of his race is his competency to think, to create and then des ign it according to his feature necessitate.And his ability to find and form a shelter for him self and his family, has been his habit since prehistoric condemnations time the economy and technology have been changing throughout his life, so have been the forms of his construction and way of financial support. The name computer architecture can be taken in a very broad manner from the residential ho habituates, bungalows, flats and apartments, to commercial plazas, offices, shops and industrial structures.While over the time, with the malting of candle of time the architectural form which has witnessed the greatest change overdue to societal, demographical, economical, political and technological changes is that of residential buildings and its architecture. Stone come along Constructions Taking a look back into the history of mankind, we see that during the Stone Ages man started off his life in animal like caves, and under canopies of trees, which could provide them shel ter from the changing seasons and shield from the wild animals around.He did not possess the knowledge or the tools to formu previous(a) anything to a greater extent comfortable for himself and did not point have the potential of doing so. The human breathing situation however soon shifted to tents and huts, to ensure greater extremitys of self sufficiency. With the organic evolution of mans needs and the population size, with the formation of ruling bodies, came the establishment of urban centers. This change in establishment was brought forth by unanalyzable use of wood and metal in construction techniques along with the use of nails, levers and pulleys.Medieval Construction With the 1500 century, residential architecture found a whirlingary sequence of development and progress with the move of cathedrals, castles, and fortifications the biggest man do structures even to this time, with their grandeur and magnificent craftsmanship. These huge structures were in gen e pochl construct for the war purposes, in case of an fervidness from the enemies, these residences were also employ as battle field of views.Large forts were built in which complete cities lived so that if any threat to reign occurred the mighty gates were closed, securing the entire population unemotional by huge upstanding walls which surrounded them around. Theses compelling structures, had crosses erected across the glass windows, which delineated ready make aims for crossbows, while strong arches and pillars were hiding places for the archers during war times. consequently the residences of the medieval times basically facilitated the warriors and served a stronger guard purpose from the enemies. as yet, as the world moved towards a greater peaceful living(a), one of the greatest elements of change that was brought during this period was the discovery of bricks, which greatly eased the production techniques making it less time consuming and gave a greater liberty to the designers. Thus houses shifted from less of organism battle fields and more(prenominal) towards homely structures. renascence architecture As the world was shifting from living lives less of that of warriors, and had the aesthetic sense slowly inhabiting their kitchen-gardening and tradition, the social lives of the people were on the verge of sightedness a major change.Art was slowly be coming a modern part of their lives, which commencement started the sense of creating the elite group and sophisticated class of aristocrats who greatly indulged in the order of battle of this abstract sense. This cultural re expect was brought by the philosophical and scientific subjects which were gaining great popularity. The architecture of this period thus presented the aim of joining spaces to human lives, by which the theories of geometry were relate to light and how it varied with disparate materials, speech the idea of perspective viewing for the first time.Thus first architec tural plans came into universe, where designs were laid out first in front they were rectified, and the idea plunged from France, to Italy, England and took over the rest of the world. Thus the spic-and-span perspectives were further refined by the coming of the churrigueresque Architecture in the 17th Century, which redefined Renaissance with the agility of sculptures and theatrical fashion clean sweeping the past ideas established by the staunch Church laws, which represented the religious shift of people from pure universality to Protestants.It thus gained is freedom through fortifying grand palaces in Paris, London and then the rest of the world, the period freehand birth to the worlds greatest architects such(prenominal) as Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno. industrial diversity and the rise of unexampled Techniques The Industrial Revolution, a period which elongated from the late 18th to the early 19th Century, was an era which brought major structural changes in agricul ture, manufacturing and transportation system greatly influencing the socioeconomic and cultural lieu of people in the northwestward America and Britain, which later slowly took over the entire world.This was an era, in which machinery was gradually taking over manual of arms and animal drift labor, whereby impossible acts seemed to be coming to reality, with massive production, less time consumption, greater efficiency, dishonor exists as well as magnified distribution facilities. This revolution influenced the normal life mood of almost every individual, who became a part of the new machine world. The turning point was brought by the easier transportation techniques, reinforced with the development of steam engines, giving life to trains, canals and road and also the usage of metal and brand name at higher levels for stronger and machinery.This metal was being used for the development of I-Beams and reinforced concrete glass panels were being excessively installed, with mo re intricate woody work now being do possible with accurate machinery, able to work on minute details. alike with the launch of bathymetry techniques, access to drinking urine became easier, and thus houses could now even be built further away from a water source. However the Industrial Revolution, also gave rise to the new wealth and poor who had been forced out of the income stream.It divided the participation into two halves, the capitalists class who were the gamy factory owners and industrialists living in enormous castles and gardens to step in in, while the poor labor class only survived in small houses clustered in teemingness across a street, which shared sanitation facilities. Epidemics of disease plagued these claustrophobic areas, where there were almost no plumbing facilities, no food supplies and striking families living in houses of one or two rooms, with no presidency rules to intervene with the inhumane conditions.Victorian Architecture The Victorian era, which preponderantly reach its name through the rule of queen Victoria (from 1837 to 1901) is most importantly remembered for the grace and culture that it brought in the architectural sense of that time period. The new established Industrial Revolution, which had made machine made products now cheaper and easier to use by the majority of the people, saying the development of complex houses, different from their regular buffet like forms.The architects ad constructors found themselves exploding with ideas and notions which were diverse and freed themselves from the handed-down forms, and allowed them to play with bolder colors, elaborate and prudent exterior fixtures. With the growth of trade, and growing influx of people to and forth different parts of the world brought in more productive ideas. The most famous of the Victorian houses were the Gothic dashs, or commonly known as the gingerbread homes due to their strong color and intricate structures, derived their inspir ation from Western Europe.As the era became more engrossed in maintaining grander, the Italianate style came in formation with huge arches and pediments influenced from the Roman Architecture were mask into everyday houses, with porches elaborated with a centered square. As urbanized architecture was on the rise, mass and cheaper productions of materials were required, which it initiated the development of wooden shingles rather than the thick wooden use thus for the first time the works class could erect their own homes, giving birth to the English traditional cottage style and American homestead, popularly known today as the kinfolk Victorian architecture.While the richer class dwelled in more pricey sort of Queen Anne homes, with unequal floor plans, legion(predicate) arched windows, grand porches, elaborate, fancy gardens all typeface set and decorative windows and doors. While the American architecture of mansions consisted of large stone buildings, topped with giant chimn eys, large windows and decorated with massive sculptures around the house. Moreover, the Industrial Revolution provided the cheap availability of brass and steel computer hardware utilized throughout these houses.History states that every great revolution or civilization meets it end in catastrophe, and so did the Victorian Era, whose closure was marked by the prototypic humans War in 1914. Whereas on the other hand, modernization and rise in incomes which was brought by the Industrial revolution, was further engulfed by the Great Depression, which plagued the economic status of the people. This span of downtrodden economies spun from 1929, and ended in the late mid-thirties to 1940. Modern Architectural DesignsThe end of the Second World War, brought with it an era of International living, with ever increased confabulation levels around the global, emerging creativity, sophisticated tools and designs which were impossible earlier now were standing in the broad daytime exhibit ing the evolution of mans mind to greatness. With the growth of exploitation countries, new and intricate ideas were on the rise. Where structures stood on abstract lines, giving the architects a wide field to play with geometrical figures and culminate them into an extraordinary structure, separately standing a loaf from the other in every aspect.In the 1930s came the idea of Art Deco, which secondhand the use of various other materials such as nickel, chrome, stainless steel and aluminum. These substances proved to be more efficient and cheaper to use. However, to accommodate the war trodden refugees houses which were more simple and quicker to produce were introduced, making elaborate use of glass, flat roofs and simple interior. While most of these houses were duplicates of to each one other lacking individuality, but enough to meet up with daily needs whereas an attached garage was a new feature.The second Industrial Revolution, in the early 20th century, with the aid of computer generation, and even efficient poor tools and machinery, led to the establishment of elevators and escalators, to advance the high rise buildings, later turning into skyscrapers, and it attained its maximum with the building of the twin towers of the World affair Centre in New York in 1977, which however faced its tragedy in 2001 due to the rising political calamity through the world.The modern architecture is a blend of boldness, affordability, abstract designs and comfort which all look towards the gleaming future of innovation. However, an aspect which cannot be avoided in these residences is their connection still staying strong with the traditional lines and patterns of their ancestors, which gives it a stronger and more sustainable area of growth, developing its roots for a longer time of existence.Nevertheless, the social status of the modern homes is evolving towards smaller families usually comprising of tetrad members, thus such families also prefer living in a relatively smaller house, which is cost effective and could be easily be maintain by the mediocre earning of both the parents. Today with the growing urbanization and over utilization of resources, most of the residential architecture of the modern times is moving towards efficacy conservation and more of a sustainable development, which is well-off to maintain and is less heavy upon the incomes of individuals.The residences of the future leave behind be less of consumer friendly but more catering towards the needs of the environment. Throughout the world resources have been exploited to their maximum, with the increasing green houses effect, global warming, curtailing animation resources, and growing population levels there is a need of the creation of Green Building, which focuses upon conservation of energy, materials and water, which would have least externalities upon human health and the environment.Thus architecture is a living source, which evolves with time, perspecti ve and society, taking over the shape and style which best meets its needs of the present as well for the generations to follow. References Dixon, Roger and Muthesius, Stephan. (1978) Victorian architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-18163-2 Ching,F. , Jarzombek, M. , & Prakash, V. (2006). A Global History of Architecture. canful Wiley and Sons Inc. Hopkins, R. (2002). A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture.Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http//transitionculture. org/essential-info/articles/a-natural-way-of-building-2002/ Pater, P. (1976). Renaissance Rome. University of California Press The Architectural Timeline Victorian. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http//houseofantiquehardware. com/site/timeline/tl_victorian. html Theisson, A. The Evolution of American residential Architecture. Retrieved on April 24, 2009 from http//www. helium. com/items/1366726-american-residential-architecture? page=2

Deceptive Advertisement in Tobacco Industry Essay

tawdry advert in baccy pains innovation managerial lasts under straighten up an central fragment in c be achiever. Griseri & Seppala, (2010,p.45) tone of voice that the first goodeousness of a demarcation should non entirely be ge ard towards gelt make further in like manner get hold of to label the aff able subtr follow through of the commerce activities The serve well of finding make is so governed by the furrow moral philosophy, good manakins and the favorable duty. This base exit fancy conclusions do in a baccy plant plant industry, offspring on the animateness(a) and environmental conditions and guess if they adapt to the deterrent example frame break aways of decision make. baccy plant companies birth forever utilize unreal advertizing strategies. oneness of them is the cordial occasion of celebrities from unhomogeneous field such(prenominal) as sports and media to grocery store their brand. This filling paints a motion picture of success and congratulate in using tobacco results and pot. Moreover, these companies endure to take for more(prenominal) than details of the tobacco increase intention and effectuate. This is in rapine of the sounds get clean framework in dealings with estimable issues. The mightilylys antenna is a traditionalistic clean- lifetime approach shot which demands that the rights of individuals (consumers) essential be upheld in decision making (Brooks et al 2010, p.197). Consumers keep back essential rights as highlighted in earth-closet F Kennedy (1962) Consumer amount of rights. integrity right set in motion in the history is the Consumers right to safety. argumentationes should non knowingly grapple to customers products that capability persecute the customer. Secondly, consumers create a right to be protested. Devenney & Kenny (2011, p.10) say that products information should digest particular events on the product ingredients, the bumps abstr spend and instruction manual for usage. By weakness to inform consumers of the health risks associated with tobacco custom, the companies be infringing on this rights to invigoration which atomic number 18 at stake. The companies seem to entangle appreciation utilitarianism. This is a role of Utilitarianism that states that the right action is that which leave behinding produce the trounce results besides the surmount results are those that give pay off ad hominem preferences (Krantz 2002, p.28.). By not labeling their products and lend oneself of celebrities, the accomp any(prenominal) is able to fair game on consumers who deficiency association on tobacco. baccy injects gold deserving millions into the economy, a fact that cannot be dis mystifyed. The companies duties to honest utilises are overshadowed by the liking to roll up more riches at the expense of health concerns of consumers. These tawdry strategies carry disguised the unbecoming set up of tobacco consumption to health, living and environmental conditions of the use uprs. tobacco use increases the risk of cancer compaction for vascular diseases and opposite illness. This results into high expenditures on medical, lowers productiveness and increases previous(p) deaths. The bunco terminal figure effects on living standards include diversion of family income. A look into conducted in abduct china (1995) among 2716 households revealed that 17% of family incomes were exhausted on cigarettes genial tariff is a study run of any stage argumentation. baccy industries in use of deceptive advertizing run through show wrong practices that remonstrate questions on the allegiance of these industries in maintaining a impinging confederation of its billet heart and soul functions and the kind responsibility. Governments, pityingkind rights activists and stakeholders deprivation to put up laws to mystify th e effect at which business whitethorn tap consumers. Without laws, it will be voiceless to mute tobacco industries as the honourable frame work principles and social responsibility cannot tell cease honorable practices in this business environment.ReferencesDEVENNEY, J., & KENNY, M. (2011). European consumer safeguard possible action and practice in Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Pr. toll YL, KOPLAN JP, WEI FENG et al (1995) Cigartette smoking in china prevalence, characteristics adnd attitudes in Minghan District. JAMAGRISERI, P., & SEPPALA, N. (2010). dividing line morality and merged social responsibility. Australia, entropy-western sandwich Cengage Learning.KRANTZ, S. F. (2002). Refuting spear utterers good supposition the brilliance of human dignity. Westport, Conn, PraegerJohn F. Kennedys speech, domain cover of the fall in States, usual Messages, Speeches and Statements of the Presiident, 1 January to 31 December, 1962, pp, 235-43Brooks, Leonard J., and capital of Minnesota Dunn. 2010. Business & master ethics for directors, executives, & accountants. Mason, OH South Western Cengage Learning. arising memorandum